ARM GP-WINDOW WIPER 2147636 - Caterpillar

Oil TBN vs. Fuel Sulfur Content
Graph for determination of necessary TBN. Find the fuel sulfur percentage on bottom of the graph. Find point where the new oil TBN line intersects the sulfur content line, and read the required TBN at the left side of the chart. Rule of Thumb: New oil TBN should be 10 times fuel sulfur content. Change oil when TBN drops to 1/2 its original value when using API CF-4 oil and you are using a DI engine.Additives
There are chemical substances added to a petroleum product to impart or improve certain properties.Additives strengthen or modify certain characteristics of the base oil. Ultimately, they enable the oil to meet requirements quite beyond the abilities of the base oil.The most common additives are: detergents, oxidation inhibitors, dispersants, alkalinity agents, anti-wear agents, pour-point depressants and viscosity improvers.Here is a brief description of what each additive does and how.Detergents help keep the engine clean by chemically reacting with oxidation products to stop the formation and deposit of insoluble compounds.Oxidation inhibitors help prevent increases in viscosity, the development of organic acids and the formation of carbonaceous matter.Dispersants help prevent sludge formation by dispersing contaminants and keeping them in suspension.Alkalinity agents help neutralize acids.Anti-wear agents reduce friction by forming a film on metal surfaces.A pour-point depressant keeps the oil fluid at low temperatures by preventing the growth and agglomeration (the gathering together into a mass) of wax crystals.Viscosity improvers help prevent the oil from becoming too thin at high temperatures.Anti-Wear Additive
This is an additive in a lubricant that reduces friction and excessive wear.API (American Petroleum Institute)
This is a trade association of petroleum producers, refiners, marketers, and transporters, organized for the advancement of the petroleum industry by conducting research, gathering and disseminating information, and maintaining cooperation between government and the industry on all matters of mutual interest. One API technical activity has been the establishment of API Engine Service Categories for lubricating oils.API Engine Service Categories
Gasoline and diesel engine oil performance levels are established jointly by API, SAE, and ASTM called API Engine Service Classifications. API Service Categories are as follows:Diesel Engine OilsGasoline Engine OilsAnti-Wear Additive
This is an additive in a lubricant that reduces friction and excessive wear.Ash Content
This is the noncombustible residue of a lubricating oil or fuel. Lubricating oil detergent additives contain metallic derivatives, such as barium, calcium, and magnesium sulfonates, that are common sources of ash. Ash deposits can impair engine efficiency and power. See detergent.ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
This organization is devoted to "the promotion of knowledge of the materials of engineering and the standardization of specifications and methods of testing." A preponderance of the data used to describe, identify, or specify petroleum products is determined in accordance with ASTM test methods.Base Stock
Base stock is a primary refined petroleum fraction, usually a lube oil, into which additives and other oils are blended to produce finished products.Bid Oil
This is oil produced by an oil company which just meets the minimum of the diesel engine oil performance specifications.